To
check the present working directory
Check the contents of the file mktgreport
To check if the timestamp has changed
To check if the nested directories have been created
[root@comp1
~]# pwd
/root
To
see the contents of a directory (folder)
[root@comp1
~]# ls
Options:
-l Long
list including attributes
-a All
files and directories including hidden
-d To
check for a particular file or directory
-R Recursively,
to see the contents in a tree structure
To list the contents of the present working directory
[root@comp1
~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg
Desktop install.log install.log.syslog
To see the list of files and directories along with their attributes
(properties)
[root@comp1
~]# ls -l
total
76
-rw-r--r-- 1
root root 1049 Apr 2 18:30 anaconda-ks.cfg
drwxr-xr-x 2
root root 4096 Mar 14 20:13 Desktop
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 4687 Apr 2 18.30 install.log
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 5136 Apr 2 18.30 install.log.syslog
To see all files and directories including hidden files of and
directories
[root@comp1
~]# ls -a
.
.camel_certs .esd_auth
.gnome2_private .metacity
..
.config .evolution
.gstreamer-0.8 .mozilla
anaconda-ks.cfg
.cshrc .fonts.cache-1 .gtkrc
.nautilus
.bash_history
Desktop .gconf
.gtkrc-1.2-gnome2 .recently-used
.bash_logout
.dmrc .gconfd
.ICEauthority .rhn-applet.conf
.bash_profile
.eggcups gnome install.log
.rnd
.bashrc
.elinks .gnome2
install.log.syslog .ssh
To check if a particular fle or directory is present
[root@comp1
~]# ls -d Desktop
Desktop
To see tree structure of nested directories
[root@comp1
~]# ls -R /opt
/opt:
example
/opt/example:
examplea
/opt/example/examplea:
exampleb
/opt/example/examplea/exampleb:
examples
/opt/example/examplea/exampleb/examples:
To see
a list of all file or directories starting with a particular letter
[root@comp1
~]# ls i*
install.log
install.log.syslog
To see the attributes of a particular file or directory
[root@comp1
~]# ls -ld install.log.syslog
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 5136 Apr 2 18.30 install.log.syslog
Creating
files and adding data using cat command
[root@comp1
~]# cat
To create a file along with some data
[root@comp1
~]# cat > salesreport
This
file contains the sales report for the month of May.
Ctrl+d
To create a file along with some data
[root@comp1
~]# cat > mktgreport
This
file contains the mktg report for the month of May.
Ctrl+d
To read the contents of a file
[root@comp1
~]# cat salesreport
This
file contains the sales report for the month of May.
To append (add) to a file
[root@comp1
~]# cat >> mktgreport
This
year the efforts in mktg have increased.
Ctrl+d
Check
the contents of the file mktgreport
[root@comp1
~]# cat mktgreport
This
file contains the mktg report for the month of May.
This
year the efforts in mktg have increased.
To add contents of two files into a third file
[root@comp1
~]# cat salesreport mktgreport >> completereport
Check the contents of the file mktgreport
[root@comp1
~]# cat completereport
This
file contains the sales report for the month of May.
This
file contains the mktg report for the month of May.
This
year the efforts in mktg have increased.
Creating
0 byte (empty) files using touch command:
Creating a single file with the touch command
[root@comp1
~]# touch
Creating a single file with the touch command
[root@comp1
~]# touch file1
To
check if the file has been created
[root@comp1
~]# ls -ld file1
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 0 Apr 2 18.30 file1
Creating multiple file using the touch command
[root@comp1
~]# touch file2 file3 file4
To
check if the file has been created
[root@comp1
~]# ls -ld file*
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 0 Apr 2 18.30 file1
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 0 Apr 2 18.30 file2
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 0 Apr 2 18.30 file3
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 0 Apr 2 18.30 file4
To
change the timestamp (date and time of modification) of a file or
directory
[root@comp1
~]# touch
To change to the current date and time
[root@comp1
~]# touch file1
To
check if the timestamp has changed
[root@comp1
~]# ls -ld file1
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 0 Apr 2 19.00 file1
Syntax:-
[root@comp1
~]# touch -t YYYYMMDDhhmm
To change to a different date and time
[root@comp1
~]# touch -t 200905150645 file2
To check if the timestamp has changed
[root@comp1
~]# ls -ld file2
-rw-r--r--
1 root root 0 May 15 06.45 file2
Creating
directories
[root@comp1
~]# mkdir
Creating a single directory
[root@comp1
~]# mkdir directory1
Creating multiple directories
[root@comp1
~]# mkdir directory2 directory3 directory4
To
check if the directories have been created
[root@comp1
~]# ls -d directory*
directory1
directory2 directory3 directory4
To create nested
directories (sub directories inside directories)
[root@comp1
~]# mkdir -p d1/d2/d3/d4
To check if the nested directories have been created
[root@comp1
~]# ls -R d1
d1:
d2
d1/d2:
d3
d1/d2/d3:
d4
d1/d2/d3/d4:
Note:-
To list the contents and create a file or directory in a location
different from the present working directory, specify the complete
path (example /var/directory1)
Directory Navigation
[root@comp1
~]# cd
To go into a directory
[root@comp1
~]# cd dir1
[root@comp1
dir1]# cd dir2
[root@comp1
dir2]#
To back one level
[root@comp1
dir2]# cd ..
[root@comp1
dir1]#
[root@comp1
dir1]# cd ../..
[root@comp1
/]#
To go to the previous working directory
[root@comp1
/]# cd -
/root/dir1
To go to current logged in user’s home directory
[root@comp1
dir1]# cd
[root@comp1
~]# pwd
/root
Copying Files and Directories
[root@comp1
~]# cp
To copy a file
[root@comp1
~]# cp completereport /opt
To
check if the file has been copied
[root@comp1
~]# cd /opt
[root@comp1
opt]# ls
completereport
To copy a directory
[root@comp1
~]# cp -r directory1
To
check if the directory has been copied
[root@comp1
~]# cd /opt
[root@comp1
opt]# ls
completereport
directory1
Moving
files and directories
[root@comp1
~]# mv
To move a file
[root@comp1
~]# mv salesreport /opt
To
check if the file has been moved
[root@comp1
~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg dir1 directory3 file2 install.log
completereport directory1 directory4 file3 install.log.syslog
Desktop directory2 file1 file4 mktgreport
[root@comp1]#
ls /opt
completereport directory1 salesreport
To move a directory
[root@comp1
~]# cp -r dir1
To
check if the directory has been moved
[root@comp1
~]# cd /opt
[root@comp1
opt]# ls
completereport
directory1 dir1 salesreport
Renaming
files and directories
[root@comp1
~]# mv
To rename a file
[root@comp1
~]# mv completereport fullreport
To
check if the file has been moved
[root@comp1
~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg directory2 file1 file4
install.log.syslog
Desktop directory3 file2 fullreport mktgreport
directory1 directory4 file3 install.log
Deleting
Directories & Files
[root@comp1
~]# rmdir
To delete an empty directory
[root@comp1
~]# rmdir directory2
To
check if the directory has been deleted
[root@comp1
~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg directory3 file2 fullreport
mktgreport
Desktop directory4 file3 install.log
directory1 file1 file4 install.log.syslog
Deleting
a file or a directory
[root@comp1
~]# rm
Options:
-r recursive
-f forcefully
To delete a file
[root@comp1
~]# rm file4
rm:
remove regular file `file4'? y
To
check if the file has been deleted
[root@comp1
~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg directory3 file2 install.log
Desktop directory4 file3 install.log.syslog
directory1 file1 fullreport mktgreport
Example:-
To delete a file forcefully
[root@comp1
~]# rm -f mktgreport
To
check if the file has been deleted
[root@comp1
~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg directory3 file2 install.log
Desktop directory4 file3 install.log.syslog
directory1 file1 fullreport
To delete a directory
[root@comp1
~]# cd /opt
[root@comp1
opt]# rm -rf dir1
To
check if the directory has been deleted
[root@comp1
opt]# ls
completereport
directory1 dir1 salesreport
To
view the system Date and Time
[root@comp1
~]# date
Fri
4 Jul 14:35:35 IST 2009
To
change the system date and time
[root@comp1
~]# date –s “mm/dd/yyyy hh:mm:ss”
[root@comp1
~]# date –s “07/15/2009 00:06:00 “
Tue
Jul 15 00:06:00 IST 2009
To
view the Calender
To see the current month
[root@comp1
~]# cal
To see the past, current and next month
[root@comp1
~]# cal -3
To see the calendar for the month of December of the current year
[root@comp1
~]# cal 12
To see the calander for the month of December for the year 2010
[root@comp1
~]# cal 12 2010
To see the calander for the full year
[root@comp1
~]# cal 2009
To
view Help for a Command (manual pages)
[root@comp1
~]# man
To see the help for the command mkdir
[root@comp1
~]# man mkdir
To
see the content screen wise
[root@comp1
~]# less /etc/mail/sendmail.mc
dnl
#
dnl
# This is the sendmail macro config file for m4. If you make changes
to
dnl
# /etc/mail/sendmail.mc, you will need to regenerate the
dnl
# /etc/mail/sendmail.cf file by confirming that the sendmail-cf
package is
dnl
# installed and then performing a
dnl
#
dnl
# make -C /etc/mail
dnl
#
include(`/usr/share/sendmail-cf/m4/cf.m4')dnl
VERSIONID(`setup
for linux')dnl
OSTYPE(`linux')dnl
dnl
#
dnl
# Do not advertize sendmail version.
:
To
veiw the top 10 lines of a file
[root@comp1
~]# head anaconda-ks.cfg
#
Kickstart file automatically generated by anaconda.
install
cdrom
key
49af89414d147589
lang
en_US.UTF-8
keyboard
us
xconfig
--startxonboot
network
--device eth0 --bootproto dhcp
rootpw
--iscrypted $1$MPNm.Pdp$2eTr4vp5.R9l2XUPhFLHJ1
To
veiw the top 5 lines of a file
[root@comp1
~]# head -5 anaconda-ks.cfg
#
Kickstart file automatically generated by anaconda.
install
cdrom
key
49af89414d147589
To
veiw the bottom 10 lines of a file
[root@comp1
~]# tail anaconda-ks.cfg
#part
/var --fstype ext3 --size=8000
#part
/ --fstype ext3 --size=5000
#part
swap --size=2048
#part
/home --fstype ext3 --size=2000
%packages
@cluster-storage
@clustering
@gnome-desktop
@virtualization
To
veiw the bottom 3 lines of a file
[root@comp1
~]# tail -3 anaconda-ks.cfg
@clustering
@gnome-desktop
@virtualization